The thaw – a short but bright period in the history of the USSR. The era of scientific breakthrough, politics and the arts: man’s first flight into space, the splitting of the atom, the warming of international relations, VI world festival of youth and students. the Flourishing of science fiction and poetry. But most importantly, at this time there is a transformation of consciousness, breaking limitations, and the usual setup, to open up new possibilities.
The era of the 60’s through the eyes of modern man β the theme of the project “the Thaw”, in which took part the “Museum of Moscow”, the Tretyakov gallery, Museum of fine arts named after as Pushkin and the Sovremennik theatre and the Park of culture named after Gorky.
the
thaw in Moscow “Moscow city Museum”
The exhibition “Moscow thaw” covers the history of music, cinema, design, fashion, architecture and poetry of the thaw.
Eugenia Kikodze, curator of the exhibition “Moscow thaw”
“We conduct open discussions: “City”,””, “research institutes”, “Physics and lyrics” is about how the architecture was changing, way of life, culture and science in the period of thaw. Also at the documentary film centre present a programme of films made in those years. Our exhibition is a return to the point from where starts modernity as such.”
Jazz fever
In 50-e years in the USSR, the rising tide of interest in jazz, which causes a sharply negative reaction of the authorities and cultural figures. Improvisation, the possibility of spontaneous self-expression and the free swinging rhythm made this music is the perfect metaphor of freedom.
Joseph Brodsky in the 60 years
Joseph Brodsky remembered that even the gait of a Soviet person has changed under the influence of jazz: “the Joints of our very frigid Russian shells began to absorb the swing”.
the Performance of the variety-jazz orchestra of Leonid Utesov in Moscow
From the late 50’s jazz recordings appear “on the edges” β the so-called improvised flexible records, material for which served the x-rays. In 1962, the newly built hotel “Yunost” opens Moscow jazz festival and Soviet musicians for the first time take part in international festival in Warsaw. In the public record company “Melody” for the first time printed album tracks domestic jazzmen. The edition sold out in a matter of days, and the album immediately becomes a rarity. In Moscow appear a cafe, where people come to talk on the forbidden theme first, listen to live music and dancing.
First synthesizer
the First synthesizer that was recorded tracks for the legendary Tarkovsky’s films
The world’s first synthesizer was created by a military engineer Evgeny Murzin, he gathered his in their shared apartment and called “Anse” β the initials of composer and innovator Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin. Using the new tool was able to obtain a completely unusual sound of “space” spectrum. On this machine Eduard Artemiev he created the music for the legendary sci-Fi Thriller Tarkovsky “Solaris”, “Stalker” and “Mirror”.
Movie
Outlet on red square from the film “Zastava Ilyich”
The main hero of the era – a young man, his confident look towards the future. By day he works or studies, and in the evening in a hurry for concerts, exhibitions, theatre, dance and poetry readings. Works Director Marlen Khutsiyev are considered thaw encyclopedia of life. The young people in his films enthusiastically read Remarque and Hemingway, critical of Stalin, dancing to the sounds of foreign music, and among the characters in the movie you can see young Tarkovsky and Konchalovsky. Endless musical party time heroes “July rain” in the cafe “lyre” blow money characters “Three days of Viktor Chernyshev”.
Design
Gossip girl. Glass sculpture 60 years.
For the era of the thaw characteristic minimalism waiver of frills in favor of functionality. Furniture and furnishings are light and compact. Streamlined shape appeared in the glass products: statues, vases and carafes are “fluid”. Design wall clock is freed from unnecessary details – a departure from the petty-bourgeois attitude to watches as the luxury and decoration. Be the first portable radios and inexpensive cameras “Change”. Among young people, the craze for photography.
project slides, movie cameras, cameras and watches 60 years
In fashion there is freedom and emancipation, clothing becomes a way to Express individuality. In Moscow, opened an Atelier, where fashionistas sew outfits custom – fitted dresses with a fluffy skirt in black-eyed peas, broad vertical stripes, juicy or pastel colors.
Abstract art has become one of the most popular destinations. If the first subjects of the compositions were the images of city and nature, the later clearly sound critical themes and allegories. Artists boldly experiment with mixed techniques.
Architects design a huge structure with walls of glass to permit the sun’s light, making people happier and more cheerful. Built on this principle facades of the Kremlin Palace of congresses, the Palace of pioneers in the Lenin hills, the shops on Lenin, Kalinin (Novy Arbat), the Komsomol prospectus.
the
“the Thaw” in the Tretyakov gallery
a Conversation with my father
“Auschwitz” by A. G hooks
Section “a Conversation with my father” is dedicated to the dialogue between two generations about the great Patriotic war.
Immediately after Stalin’s death and Khrushchev’s assertion at the head of the state has begun the process of rehabilitation of political prisoners was disbanded the Gulag, published the first works of prose camp: “One day of Ivan Denisovich” by Solzhenitsyn, the novel of George Shelest’s “the Nugget”. In “Lieutenant prose” the war is shown without the semi-official pathos and smoothing sharp points. In works of literature and painting have become common themes of tragedy and horror of war. People began to think about the true price of victory. Artist A. Vasnetsov depicted two widows, who look into the void, their faces almost wiped out.
monument to the dead from bombs
V. A Siddur created a series about the victims of war. His sculptures are symbolic objects, which brought death to people, as well as images of prisoners in the camps.
Best city in the world
“Wedding on tomorrow’s street”. And Pimenov
Period of thaw – time for a radical change in the appearance of the city was taken on “de-Stalinization” of architecture. There is a struggle with a decorative “excesses” in architecture is dominated by rationalism. In place of the Stalinist Empire, with its palaces came democratic style of simple geometric forms with huge Windows, symbolizing the “policy of openness”.
Running across the street
The city becomes an open space. In the courts held a feast and dancing in the squares and in parks poets read poetry. A new image of the city is reflected in the paintings. Yuri Pimenov portrayed scenes of urban life against the background of new buildings: “Running across the street”, “District of tomorrow”, “the South-West. Suburb”. Urbanism is becoming the new direction in painting.
International relations
In 60-e years of the USSR is actively establishing communication with the outside world, especially with the countries of the Eastern bloc. At the forefront of the confrontation with the United States. The two superpowers compete not only in the arms race, but in the propaganda. Moscow is positioning itself as a world capital, conducting international events: scientific conferences, meetings of the peace. Regularly hosts national festivals and exhibitions of art from Syria, Egypt, Vietnam, Cuba, New Zealand and other countries.
In 1957, with extraordinary succes VI world festival of youth and students, which became “Dove of peace” Picasso. In Moscow tens of thousands of guests from America, Africa, Asia and Europe – young people from different countries gathered under the slogans of peace and friendship. Freedom is intoxicating and circled the head, in 1958 in Moscow was marked by the birth of hundreds of babies of mixed races: mulattos and mestizos, they even came to be called “children of the festival”.
the Secrets of abstract art
a Cheerful carnival mihnova-Boiteko
Inspired by the works of Western artists, the Moscow artists set off in search of new forms. For example, Ely Belyutin used in the mops, nails and other items. He expressed his ideas through the juxtaposition of people and entourage: two lovers in the forest, which was seen Auschwitz. The painting “Requiem” – Lenin’s funeral, depicted in the close to expressionism “action painting”. The artist is called “Requiem” his “personal Communist utopia”.
Mikhnov-Voitenko created a series of large-format paintings by applying the paint straight from the tube, without the use of the brush. Colored spots create in one case, the dance at the carnival in the other – landscape.
Severe style
Happy workers building communism
This term suggested Alexander Kamensky. Severe style characteristic of socialist realist representation of the themes of the working class and the heroism of hard work: women and men are shown at work on construction sites, in polar expeditions. The cycle of paintings devoted to the development of virgin lands. Heroes tired from work, but happy people, the builders of the bright Communist future.
Atom-Space
the Launch of Sputnik-1 into space
The first flight of man into space and the splitting of the atom created a sense of endless possibilities of science. the world’s First nuclear power station, the first synchrotron – a powerful accelerator, nuclear icebreaker “Lenin” is far not the full list of achievements of the time. The spread of higher education, the development of scientific institutions, creation of closed science cities have given rise to heroes of the new time – young scientists. After the launch of the Soviet “Sputnik-1” space has captured the imagination and became one of the main themes in art, in the design of household objects and appliances. In painting appeared fantastic sketches of planets and unexplored space – artists created their own reality based on scientific facts and guesses.
the Layout of the first NPP in the world
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Poetry in the theater “Sovremennik”
Evgeny Kuznetsov, the assistant to the art Director of theatre “Contemporary”
“Together with the Tretyakov gallery, we made the program “Area Mayakovsky“. It consists of five evenings devoted to specific poets β Joseph Brodsky, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Robert Rozhdestvensky, Andrei Voznesensky, Bella Akhmadulina. Fails with “Area Mayakovsky” in the evening “We are young”, which will be devoted to the poetry of the turn of the 1950-1960, it will be attended by almost all young troupe “Contemporary”.
The era of the thaw β a special time when the public conscience changed, open new opportunities, they needed a new form. This allowed the young actors, graduates of school-Studio of the Moscow art theatre to join theatre and to create it “is not from above but from below”. There were six of us: Oleg Yefremov, Galina Volchek, Oleg Tabakov, Oleg Kvasha, Evgeny Evstigneev and Lilia Tolmacheva, of which only two are alive today β Volchek and tobacco.
Galina Volchek, Igor Kvasha and Oleg Tabakov. 60 years
By the time of the creation of “Contemporary” art scene and the Stanislavsky system, where the main concern is the interaction of the actor with the audience, was distorted. Efremov with his supporters took on the mission to revive the Stanislavsky system as the only correct one for the Russian theater. April 15, 1956, in the school-Studio of the Moscow art theatre was the first performance of “live Forever”, which was a real shock for the Moscow public. After the performance, the audience persuaded young troupe disperse. This day is considered the birthday of the theater “Contemporary”.
Festival “Thaw” will last until mid-summer. Museum of fine arts Pushkin will present her exhibition “to the future. The art of Europe 1945-1968“, Gorky Park and Muzeon will host screenings, discussions and themed music nights together with the theater “Contemporary”.
[epapop id=’3958′] In the registry offices of Tatarstan and the Belgorod region appeared room for reconciliation. They are designed to help spouses to abandon the divorce and to understand the causes of the conflict. For this the rooms are specialists-mediators, acting in the role of family psychologists. The initiative has already helped some couples refuse to divorce.
A member of the Federation Council, Chairman of the Union of women of Russia Ekaterina Lakhova proposed to consider the question of creating room for reconciliation at the Federal level. In addition, these rooms will appear in the Registrar Novgorod region in March.
Recall that in 2013, the UN called a Russian leader in the number of divorces in the world.
earlier
The state Duma has attempted to strengthen the institution of family and marriage. In January 2017, the head of the Republic of Tatarstan Rustam Minnikhanov offered to make the procedure of divorce. It was assumed that the timing of the divorce is expected to increase from one to three months, and the court must try to reconcile the spouses with minor children. Also under the bill prohibits absentee divorce through the courts. State Duma Deputy Vitaly Milonov agreed with the proposal of increasing the period of the divorce, however, the bill did not find support of the majority of MPs.
In 2013, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev proposed to increase the state duty for divorce from 400 rubles to 30 thousand. The initiative was not approved by deputies.
In 2015, the state duty on divorce increased to 650 roubles.
divorce Statistics in Russia in 2015-2016
the largest number of divorces: Magadan oblast and the Leningrad oblast (752 divorces per thousand marriages)
the Main reason for divorce β alcoholism or addiction (41% divorce rate)
the Main reason for rejection of divorce kids (35% of failed divorces)
the Number of divorces for 2015 611646
opinion of Russians about the divorce (VTSIOM data)
what about them?
In European countries the mutual consent of spouses on divorce may not be enough. In Italy, the divorce only through court, which reserves the right to refuse divorce. The trial may last several years. A similar system, albeit in a mild form, is valid in the Netherlands. In Germany in order to file for divorce, the spouses must be at least a year to live separately from each other. The cost of divorce is calculated on the basis of family income.
Daria, a student of the higher school of Economics, feminist
This is a very dumb idea, because in our state psychologist is more likely to put pressure on a woman so she wasn’t leaving an abusive husband, if only to preserve the traditional family.
Ludmila, 42, was on the verge of divorce
I think that the introduction of the reconciliation rooms in registry offices can be useful for many families who are on the verge of divorce. Often couples decide to divorce under the influence of emotions, without realizing the real cause of the disorder in the family. The question of divorce in my family, too, rose, but a timely trip to a family therapist helped to avoid this. Not all people can afford expert help, but sometimes you just have to look at the situation from the outside, to hear the partner, to build a dialogue.
Oksana, 46 years old, divorced more than ten years
In my case it would be useless, because the divorce was inevitable. If people don’t love each other, they are not the same moral compass, no psychologist in this case will not help. If the original person does not need a family, especially when he’s not interested in your own child, it hardly makes sense to try to establish something. Although each case is different.
expert Opinion
lecturer at the Faculty of social Sciences, HSE Rostislav Kononenko specifically for Hit.media:
“whether the successful introduction of the “room of reconciliation”, will practice. This is another attempt by the state to improve the statistics of divorce, because in our country it is disappointing. The government is trying to change the population’s attitude to marriage. Personally, I don’t think the room will affect people’s decisions about divorce. The idea will either scare away, having no impact on the majority of divorcing, or give people a break for a day or two, after which they are without ZAGS disperse. Measure positive and interesting, but not enough to alter values and attitudes in society and relations between spouses.
However, if the decision to divorce is made on a hot head, then talk with a psychologist can act”.
– Dmitry, I confess honestly, hardly I found your office in this building on Shabolovskaya quite difficult to navigate. And with what building would you compare the Russian economy?
– Probably, the Russian economy – it’s an office building, a state-owned large extent. Because the public sector in our economy now plays a major role. It operates on the principle of hierarchy have a boss, there are a slave. And Russia’s economy lives largely on this principle.
– And who’s the administrative building? Who is in control?
– It seems to me that the modern Russian economy moves to a hierarchical management system, that is, the main decisions are taken on economic development bureaucracy – be it government or state-owned companies. This mechanism of management of the economy can be effective only in certain stages of development. As soon as the economy enters a phase where you need to create something new – goods, services, find new ways to increase productivity, to fill the niche unknown – much more efficient it becomes a different structure. It’s called networking.
– What is the difference between the hierarchical and the network economy?
– In a hierarchical economy you have a large factory. You can invest a lot of money, and it will have an enormous impact in it. This economy of Soviet industrialization. In a networked economy, this resource has been exhausted: You do not need the ore, but you have a million people. And among them there are 10% of people with ideas. And if they implement them, even 1% of these ideas – your economy will change. But in order for them to implement them, we need the institutions of equality of all before the law, protection of property rights, institutions that encourage entrepreneurial initiative and, therefore, access to credit facilities. And the most important, fundamental institution – an independent judicial system: protection of property rights, guarantee of rights and freedoms.
To develop the economy, it is necessary to provide the opportunity for talented people to create their own companies
– For such a transition, as I understand it, you need a lot of time. What are the measures to support the economy, in your opinion, you need to take right now?
– The Russian economy is now on the verge of stagnation. This is not due to the global financial crisis, it is rather an internal matter. Therefore, I think, long overdue, especially reforms aimed at reducing the number of state corporations and state influence in the economy. To develop the economy, it is necessary to provide the opportunity for talented people to create their own companies, to implement their projects. And thus remain in Russia. And power structures of power, all power, should win the confidence of entrepreneurs. budget funds, which are now sprayed state corporations, government agencies on a variety of targets, should be investment in human, that is, in education, health and social policy.
– The economic model (the theme of your dissertation at the Sorbonne) can tell you where to go next?
– My model was not designed for the development of specific measures of economic policy. It is necessary to enhance our understanding of why some countries are rich and others – the poor. That is the understanding of the impact of different interest groups on the economic life of the country. In particular, in my model, I tried to answer the question: “Under what conditions can a society to support reforms aimed at strengthening the freedom of entrepreneurship, increasing competition, reducing the monopoly of the economy, the creation of equal conditions for all before the law?”
– How do you answer this question?
– Get the two options. First, when there is an incentive or interest in a coalition between the elites. The elites – politicians, business owners, etc. -.. Interested in reducing competition. They benefit from the existing assets, it does not make sense to compete. At the same time the middle class, or a skilled workforce in this coalition, as you know, is not included. In this sense, the coalition majority chooses closed institutions. This is just due to the hierarchical structure, which we discussed with you. With the dominance of the state. With access only certain persons to economic activity. Another option, when we go out on the reform, promote economic development. To implement this option, there are several possibilities. First – raising the general level of education, there is an emphasis on human capital as the engine of economic development. If a large part of the society will have access to quality education, it also needs to create a demand for open access institutions – the equality of all before the law, access to credit for business development, an open legal system. The second point – the decline in income inequality. Third – opening up new opportunities for growth. These three factors can alter the political balance.
When we talk about human capital, it is important to understand that each person – edinichka
– In one of your interviews you said: “All my scientific way linked to the question” Why “and an attempt to find the answer to it?”. Answers to any “why” you are looking for right now?
– Specifically, we are now developing an interesting project related to the dynamics of inequality in modern society. There is a theory of why the social conflict that existed in the industrial society, has come to naught. More precisely, there were two conflicts. One – between capitalists and workers. The second – between the capitalists and landowners. The story is that there are two completely different economic development driver. The first driver – is the physical capital. This large factories, buildings, equipment, machinery and infrastructure. When we speak of the physical capital, we understand that it is necessary to concentrate resources. We need to invest heavily to create the capital. That is the highest level of inequality here encourages the development. But if we look at today’s society, it is often a situation where new ideas or projects are not so much in the power of investment, as the presence of a group of interested talented people who decided to do something new in this civilization. That is, there are entire industries and the forces that are oriented to the second device driver development – human capital: education, skills, talents of people. When we talk about human capital, it is important to realize that people, everyone – edinichka. And you need to invest in each person. It turns out, on the contrary, we need to ensure that resources are distributed equally among the people so that everyone can achieve the best. If the company goes to industries that are focused on human capital, it changes its structure. We see why some societies have done this, and others do not.
– You – the researcher who makes predictions for decades ahead. What would you ask the economists, who will be living in 50 years and see firsthand, these predictions will come true or not?
– I would be interested to learn from them how to change economic theory, economic theory as very harsh, we can say, revolutionary changes in recent decades. Economy is interesting in that it is a qualitative change in their condition. And to make a long-term prediction is very difficult in this sense. Therefore, growth theory, which I do, is intended to explain what we see today. To explain it in the context of the whole history of the world – a very interesting task.
“whether the successful introduction of the “room of reconciliation”, will practice. This is another attempt by the state to improve the statistics of divorce, because in our country it is disappointing. The government is trying to change the population’s attitude to marriage. Personally, I don’t think the room will affect people’s decisions about divorce. The idea will either scare away, having no impact on the majority of divorcing, or give people a break for a day or two, after which they are without ZAGS disperse. Measure positive and interesting, but not enough to alter values and attitudes in society and relations between spouses. 
