Researchers have discovered tunnels and buildings from the time of the American Civil War, buried under the famous prison of Alcatraz Island in San Francisco, California.
Under the prison court of Alcatraz, scientists discovered a fortress that was long considered ruined.
Historians have long suspected that a federal prison was erected on the site of military fortifications built in the 1800s. The publication of the journal Near Surface Geophysics, describes the complex, found under the prison yard.
The study of the territory of the national park was conducted using ground penetrating radar and ground scanning. Under the recreation yard of the prison, researchers found traces of completely buried buildings, ammunition depots and tunnels. βThese ruins are well preserved and are located close to the surface,β said Timothy de Smet, an archaeologist at Binghamton University. He added that these artifacts are right under their feet. Armed with new evidence, researchers plan to continue to study the remnants of old structures.
Scientists are recording underground testimony on Alcatraz
Archaeologists began exploring most of the 19th century fortress buried under existing prison buildings in 2014. During work on the territory of Alcatraz, scientists were surprised by the concrete reinforcement of some earthen tunnels, despite the fact that concrete was not used in construction at that time.
βIt is interesting that at that time they did not even produce cement in the United States,β said Tanya Vattenburg Comas from California State University Chico. βIt was probably cement brought in barrels from Europe. Finding it on a mid-19th century battery was a big surprise.β
Fort Alcatraz (1868)
During the American Civil War, Alcatraz Island served as a military base that backed supporters of the West Coast Confederation. The defenses were built in the mid-1850s and included barracks and gun batteries. While most of the country was drawn into a bloody battle, Alcatrazβs fortress remained calm.
In addition, Fort Alcatraz was used as the official military prison of the west coast. The first prisoners from the federal penitentiary system began arriving in the 1930s, and the last were evicted in 1963. On an island with a high level of security, famous prisoners were serving sentences: Al Capone, George βmachine gunnerβ Kelly, Whitey Bulger.
Karl Lagerfeld died on the age of 86 in Paris on February, 19. He suffered from pancreatic cancer, and in recent weeks he felt a near death.
Lagerfeld was the world famous couturier, director of the fashion house Chanel, and he wore the title of Charlemagne in the fashion industry. In 1963, he created clothes for four brands: Chloe, Krizia, Charles Jourdan, Fendi. And in 1983 he headed the fashion house of Chanel, which at that time was going through a difficult period. He reworked the heritage of the legendary fashion house, retaining the special charm of Coco Chanel.
Shows of the fashion Kaiser always ended with a bright output of models in a wedding image. Every year, the Lagerfeld muses in their wedding dress went out to the hand with the designer. One of such shows is the presentation of the collection Chanel autumn-winter 1995-1996. Then the Kaiser accompanied at once three supermodels of the century: Helen Christensen, Claudia Schiffer and Nadya Auermann.
Legendary couturier and supermodels of the 90s at the Chanel show
In 2004, the black-skinned model Alek Vek came to the podium with Lagerfeld. She defiled at the fashion show of the Chanel spring-summer collection.
Karl Lagerfeld and model Alek Vek at the Chanel show
In 2014, the line of the same season presented Cara Delevingne. Together with the fashion designer and top model, the Kaiser godson, Hudson Kroenig, also came out. Lagerfeld considered the boy his talisman and frequently went out to the podium with him.
Karl Lagerfeld with his godson and model Carol Delevingne
A year later, an extraordinary wedding image was presented by another muse of the designer – Kendall Jenner. Fashion industry was just beginning to recognize the young model. Jenner presented the 2015 Chanel Fall Couture collection.
Karl Lagerfeld and the rising star Kendall Jenner
One of the youngest models of Karl Lagerfeld was Lilly-Rose Depp, daughter of Vanessa Paradis. In the 1990s, Paradis worked closely with Chanel, and in 2017 her daughter defiled at the fashion show. Although the height of the girl is much lower than the standard, it was her honor to close the show. She walked along the runway with the maestro in a soft pink dress with layered frill at the hem.
Karl Lagerfeld and Vanessa Paradis daughter- Lily-Rose Depp
The king of the fashion industry admired many models. Among them: Claudia Schiffer, Diana Kruger, Stella Tenannt, Karol Bouquet. But the most important muse of the designer was Choupett – a cat of Burmese breed. Couturier admitted that his favorite is the heiress of his property. βShe is the center of the world,β – said Lagerfeld about his cat.
The Ministry of Antiquities of Egypt reports that Egyptian archaeologists discovered a tomb with 40 mummies. According to the estimates of scientists, the finds date back to the era of Ptolemy (323-30 BC).Β
The embalmed remains were found in four burial chambers nine meters deep. Among the mummies 12 of them are children. Excavations were carried out at the Tuna el GΓΆbel site in Minya , 260 kilometers south of Cairo.Β
Β βThey are all fairly well preserved, some are wrapped in linen and decorated with demotic handwriting (in ancient Egyptian writing),β the ministry said in a statement. Some mummies are found in clay coffins and wooden sarcophagi. Fragments of colored patches were found on the turtles, which were used as burial masks.Β
Β βThis is the first archaeological discovery, announced in 2019 after the excavations, which began in November last year. The excavations are carried out thanks to the joint work of the Ministry of Antiquities and the Research Center for Archaeological Research at Minya University, βsaid Khaled al-Anani at a press conference. It was attended by the Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities Mustafa Vaziri, Egyptian Tourism Minister Rania al-Mashat, Governor Mini Kassem Hussein, professors at Minya University, as well as diplomats from more than 10 foreign countries.Β Β
Mostafa Vaziri stated that the mummy’s identity is unknown. βWe did not find names that could be written with hieroglyphs,β he said, adding that the mummies most likely belong to wealthy Egyptians. Β
Waziri also said that fragments of ceramics and pieces of ancient paper found at the excavation site helped the researchers determine the date of burial. According to Ahmed Ata, a professor of archeology at Minya University and a member of a joint mission, these tombs are about 2000 years old. Β
The tombs of Minya, discovered during the excavations, are part of a family grave, which probably belonged to an urban well-to-do family, the ministry added. Β
Archaeological excavations also found the tomb of Petosiris, the tomb of Isadora, an animal sacrifice site, a Roman cemetery, and two reliefs of King Akhenaten. Β
This is not the first discovery made in Minya. In 2017, as reported by The Inquisitr, a necropolis with 17 mummies was discovered in the same area. Tuna El Gebel is also known for finding mummified animals.
During cold winter nights you can make mulled wine, dive into a blanket, and watch black and white movies. Those which characters of Sarah Jessica Parker and Chris Noth were watching in the second part of Sex in the City. true masterpieces keep thrilling and never get old. Their black-and-white aesthetics as well as acting still fascinate people.Β
All About Eve (1950)
Director: Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Plot: the competition between a Broadway legend Margo Channing (Bette Davis) and her fan, an amateur actress Eve Harrington (Anne Baxter). The audience can also see Marilyn Monroe in a small episodic role. For Marilyn it is one of the first roles in her career. The movie won six Academy Awards, including Best Film from any Source award. Half a century later, an eccentric Spanish director Pedro AlmodΓ³var creates an allusion of the story in his All About My Mother film.
A shot from Everything abot Eve
A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)
Director: Elia Kazan
It is an adaptation ofΒ Tennessee Williams‘s play of the same name which brings us to poor districts of New Orleans. An aging, but still beautiful Blanche DuBois (Vivien Leigh) and her sisterβs husband Stanley Kowalski (Marlon Brando) face the contradictions. The film won a lot of awards, including Vivienβs Academy Award nomination for Best Actress which, according to the actress led her to madness.
Vivien Leigh andΒ Marlon Brando inΒ A Streetcar Named Desire
Roman Holiday (1953)
Director: William Wyler
It is a light romantic comedy about a princess and an American journalist which touches more than one generation. The narrative is very simple, it tells the well-known story of love between a princess and a commoner. Audrey Hepburn won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance. It happened eight years prior her most recognizable role of Holly Golightly in Breakfast at Tiffany’sfilm.
Audrey Hepburn andΒ Gregory Peck in Roman Holiday
Some Like It Hot (1959)
Director: Billy Wilder
The film starring Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis, and Jack Lemmon which is often being called the best comedy in the movie history. The story of adventurers, hiding from gangsters, touring with the women’s orchestra, is known all over the world. The film won Academy Awards and a Golden Globe Award and became a leading film not only in the US, but also in USSR.
Marilyn Monroe as Sugar Kane
Psycho (1960)
Director: Alfred Hitchcock
Those, who love being titillated, can watch a psychological horror film by Hitchcock. The film is construed as one of the key movies of all times. The principles of showing the subconscious fear of the characters, used by the director, influenced all subsequent horror films.
Anthony Perkins asΒ Norman Bates
Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966)
Director: Mike Nichols Elizabeth Taylor confessed in her memoirs that the role of Martha was the best in her career because during the whole shooting process she was Acting. A family drama about a relationship between loving and hating each other spouses caused a resonance among viewers and critics. The film built on conflicts and cursing which realistically shows family relationships. The film won five American Academy Awards, including one for Best Actress.
A frame fromΒ Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?Β
Manhattan (1979)
Director: Woody Allen
One of the most popular Woody Allenβs film takes the viewer to his favorite city. Passions, doubts, and contradictions of the characters are imbued with the rhythm of Manhattan. Viewers, critics, and new Yorkers themselves agree that the director has created a cinematic anthem of the city.
According to critics,Β Manhattan is the best Allen’s film
The name of this keyboard layout came from the first six letters of the top row. QWERTY-keyboard originates in the era of typewriters.
The creation history of the familiar layout is not clear enough
Christopher Sholes, an elaborator of the first typewriters, determined to distribute keys in the simple alphabetical order. However, with an increase of the typematic speed professionals began to encounter a number of problems. For instance, the levers of the letters situated close to each other scraped and sticked with the rapid pushing. By trial and error and constant layout modernization the legendary typewriter Β«Remington 1Β» was finally launched. Its keyboard became the prototype of all contemporary ones. The blind method of the typemate, which became popular after typing competitions, helped in promotion of this keyboard layout. Edgar McGurrin, the court secretary, won over another contestant. When the winner was asked about the reasons of his triumph, he said he had typed with ten fingers without looking at the keyboard. His rival typed with only eight fingers staring at the keys, and this method considerably decreased typematic speed. Nowadays, one and a half century later, there are some courses where you can learn the blind way of working on the keyboard.
Why we love QWERTY so much when we are able to switch to other layouts?
Nevertheless, today there are disputes about effectiveness of QWERTY-layout. There were some attempts to supplant familiar layout on more ergonomic one. In 1936 university professor August Dvorak noticed a great number of typos in the work of one of his students. At that time the thought had come to his mind – to invent an absolutely new type of latin keyboard based on more convenient position of vowel and consonant letters. After it in the beginning of the XXI century DVORAK-layout was elaborated by Shay Coleman and obtain the name Colemak. As some studies claimed, these layout types enable to work 2-3 times faster. However, QWERTY doesnβt give in to more contemporary rivals, although every user can switch between layouts with the help of several mouse clicks.
Hippie. It was not just a youth movement, it was a whole era. Look at the history of current that flourished fifty years ago, and try to understand what it attracted young people and why it has become a real phenomenon.
Where they came from?
The hippie subculture emerged in the US in the 1960-ies. For the first time the word “hippie” was made in one of the American TV shows and belonged to the young people who opposed the war in Vietnam. According to one version, the word “hippie” is rooted in American slang means “to be aware”, “kerf”, the other is a word invented by journalists.
Then about a hundred thousand hippies gathered in the area of Haight-Ashbury in San Francisco to celebrate their love and freedom. “Flower children” (as they were called because of the habit to weave in hair flowers and give bouquets to passers-by) have lived in the city’s Golden gate Park. There they distributed free food, and if necessary provide medical help. A landmark event in the history of the hippies was the rock festival “Music, Love and Flowers” in the city of Monterey (California).
She is a hippie at a music festival, 1967
By the way, lighting festivals, which have a lot of time passed in the country, the media tried to show the hippy with the worst hand: life on the street, drugs, unkempt appearance, promiscuity, idleness. Because of this, the society has developed a stereotype about hippies as idlers who do not care about anything. In fact, the movement’s representatives actively participated in rallies and demonstrations. In the fall of 1967 in Washington, hippies held a “March on the Pentagon”. In the procession was attended by over 35 thousand people. The building of the Pentagon, demonstrators were stopped by riot police.
member of the “March on the Pentagon” inserts a flower into the muzzle of the rifle of the military police
The first wave of the hippie movement ended with a rock music festival “Woodstock”, who in August 1969 was attended by about half a million people. This event is called the end of the “hippie era”. The second and third waves of the movement were, respectively, 80-ies and 90-ies.
Hippie is not only culture, but also philosophy. Activists believe that to improve the world you need to effect change in human consciousness. Harmony with yourself and others β here called “flower children.” Hippies rejected the Puritan morality and conservatism of the old generation, highly valued freedom, especially the interior, called to protect the nature. Over time formed the main provisions of the philosophy of the hippies:
the
the
man ought to be free;
the
to achieve freedom only by changing the internal structure of the soul;
the
acts internally unchained person determined by the desire to preserve their freedom as the greatest jewel;
the
beauty and freedom are identical, the implementation of the two β a purely spiritual problem;
the
spiritual community β the ideal form of a hostel;
the
all that think differently are wrong.
Journey and meditation
Hippies lived in communes (or municipalities), often in abandoned homes, estates, farms. Settled on the outskirts or in the woods, away from civilization. However, the “flower children” never stayed in one place too long. They loved to travel. Typically the travel was hitch Hiking or minibus.
Bus hippie
Hippies were traveling as a group, stayed in roadside hotels and Inns, where you can meet like-minded people. Sometimes representatives of the movement used caravans.
It is believed that the drugs, along with pacifism and free love was part of the hippie culture. It was believed that psychedelic drugs are able to “expand consciousness” and help to explore the world, disconnected from all earthly things. To achieve spiritual enlightenment, the hippies also turned to meditation, religion and art.
Many hippies were vegetarians or vegans, advocated a return to natural human origins.
“khayr” and baubles
a Hippie at the festival “Woodstock”, 1969
Representatives of the movement wore long hair. Sometimes the heads were decorated with dressings and tapes. Beard, men shaved. On hand was made to wear a variety of homemade decorations: baubles, bangles. Clothes the hippies wore loose and comfortable: jeans (usually flared), sweaters, t-shirts, sometimes purposely torn and frayed, embroidered, beaded, colors. Women wore dresses casual with ethnic motifs. Welcome natural fabrics.
Psychedelic rock
the Beatles
At concerts and festivals hippies often sounded psychedelic music (genre of music, which was influenced by Eastern mysticism of traditional Indian music). The sounds of psychedelic rock, were supposed to influence the audience, causing a feeling of detachment and unreality. In addition, hippies were big fans of The Beatles. And the line “All You Need Is Love” along with “Make love, not war” and “Give Peace A Chance” became the slogan of the movement.
The unofficial anthem culture was considered the song “San Francisco (Be Sure To Wear Some Flowers In Your Hair)”. Its author β John Phillips of the Mamas &the Papas.
From Lennon to Grebenshchikov
John Lennon and Yoko Ono
John Lennon received recognition from representatives of a hippie for singing songs about equality, brotherhood, peace and love. Yoko Ono, his last wife, also belonged to this subculture. One couple gave reporters the so-called “bed interview”: lying in bed, they called for a stop to the war in Vietnam.
Bob Dylan
Bob Dylan, American musician, writer and actor, can also be called a representative flow. His song “Blowin’ in the Wind” became the anthem of the movement against war and fighting for civil rights.
Jimmy Hendricks
Jimi Hendrix, American guitarist, participated in festivals hippie, including “Woodstock”.
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The Moscow subway is not only the most beautiful in the world, but also the most mysterious. There are a lot of legends about itβs dungeons. We chose the most interesting, mystical and frightening.
Β«PerovoΒ» Station. Horsemen of the Apocalypse
Horsemen of the Apocalypse
The walls of this station are decorated with images of wild and mythical animals. One bas-relief has an image of a lion, erupting flame from itβs chaps. There is an opinion that this is an illustration to the ninth chapter of the Β«The Apocalypse of JohnΒ». The lines, which describe the horsemen of the Apocalypse, say: Β«The heads of horses, like the heads of lions, and fire, smoke and sulfur came out of their mouth… Cause the strength of the horses was in their mouth and their tails, and they harmed peopleΒ». So some people think that this illustration on the Β«PerovoΒ» station is nothing more but a prediction of the end of the world.
Β«SokolΒ» Station. Ghosts of war and repressionβs victims.
Ghosts of war and repressionβs victims
There was a Bratsk cemetery near this station in the XXth century, where victims the First World War were buried. In the days of the early Soviet Union, here was a place to shot unwanted people. Workers of the station say that ghosts are walking here in the morning and at night. The Β«SokolΒ» station itself has negative energy. Cases of falling on the rails with deadly art and even suicide are relatively frequent here. People begin to feel anxiety and discomfort at the entrance of the station. Moreover, the photos taken at the station are blurry.
Β«DostoevskayaΒ» Station. Revenge of the old woman
Revenge of the old woman
This station is decorated with a mosaic-illustration to the immortal work of Fyodor Dostoevsky Β«Crime and PunishmentΒ». The fresco shows the cult scene of the murder. According to the legend, if you look at the image of an old woman for about a minute, then you will be lucky. However, magic always comes with a price. If you ask the old woman Β«for helpΒ» too often, then luck will turn into really bad luck. So be grateful for what you have, or you risk to be left with the broken trough.
Ghost-train on the Koltsevaya Line
Ghost-train
This legend is somewhat similar to the plot of the movie Β«The Midnight Meat TrainΒ». Every month an old train appears on the Line. The driver and passengers are dressed in fashion of 1930-40, their clothes are gray and gloomy. The train goes round all the stations during one night, makes stops, but opens itβs doors very rarely. People say that if you enter this train, you will not get out. It is assumed that the passengers of this train are the undying souls of the dead subway builders. The Koltsevaya Line was built by prisoners who often arranged disassembly and committed suicide by throwing themselves into mines and sealing themselves alive.
Β«Leninskie GoriΒ» Station. Abandoned gallery
Abandoned gallery
Until 1983, Β«Leninskie GoryΒ» station was equipped with a unique escalator gallery. The risk of landslides forced the authorities to close it. Today the escalator gallery is dismantled, the engine room is flooded, walls are covered with cracks. However, this does not affect the demand from fans of extreme and mysticism. Despite the fact that the gallery belongs to the Moscow metro company, its territory is not guarded.
That is what Moscow underground is like. Lovely, exciting and intriguing. Now, when you get of the train, carefully look around β maybe you will be lucky enough to see a ghost or a prediction in the bas-reliefs of the walls.
The thaw – a short but bright period in the history of the USSR. The era of scientific breakthrough, politics and the arts: man’s first flight into space, the splitting of the atom, the warming of international relations, VI world festival of youth and students. the Flourishing of science fiction and poetry. But most importantly, at this time there is a transformation of consciousness, breaking limitations, and the usual setup, to open up new possibilities.
The era of the 60’s through the eyes of modern man β the theme of the project “the Thaw”, in which took part the “Museum of Moscow”, the Tretyakov gallery, Museum of fine arts named after as Pushkin and the Sovremennik theatre and the Park of culture named after Gorky.
the
thaw in Moscow “Moscow city Museum”
The exhibition “Moscow thaw” covers the history of music, cinema, design, fashion, architecture and poetry of the thaw.
Eugenia Kikodze, curator of the exhibition “Moscow thaw”
“We conduct open discussions: “City”,””, “research institutes”, “Physics and lyrics” is about how the architecture was changing, way of life, culture and science in the period of thaw. Also at the documentary film centre present a programme of films made in those years. Our exhibition is a return to the point from where starts modernity as such.”
Jazz fever
In 50-e years in the USSR, the rising tide of interest in jazz, which causes a sharply negative reaction of the authorities and cultural figures. Improvisation, the possibility of spontaneous self-expression and the free swinging rhythm made this music is the perfect metaphor of freedom.
Joseph Brodsky in the 60 years
Joseph Brodsky remembered that even the gait of a Soviet person has changed under the influence of jazz: “the Joints of our very frigid Russian shells began to absorb the swing”.
the Performance of the variety-jazz orchestra of Leonid Utesov in Moscow
From the late 50’s jazz recordings appear “on the edges” β the so-called improvised flexible records, material for which served the x-rays. In 1962, the newly built hotel “Yunost” opens Moscow jazz festival and Soviet musicians for the first time take part in international festival in Warsaw. In the public record company “Melody” for the first time printed album tracks domestic jazzmen. The edition sold out in a matter of days, and the album immediately becomes a rarity. In Moscow appear a cafe, where people come to talk on the forbidden theme first, listen to live music and dancing.
First synthesizer
the First synthesizer that was recorded tracks for the legendary Tarkovsky’s films
The world’s first synthesizer was created by a military engineer Evgeny Murzin, he gathered his in their shared apartment and called “Anse” β the initials of composer and innovator Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin. Using the new tool was able to obtain a completely unusual sound of “space” spectrum. On this machine Eduard Artemiev he created the music for the legendary sci-Fi Thriller Tarkovsky “Solaris”, “Stalker” and “Mirror”.
Movie
Outlet on red square from the film “Zastava Ilyich”
The main hero of the era – a young man, his confident look towards the future. By day he works or studies, and in the evening in a hurry for concerts, exhibitions, theatre, dance and poetry readings. Works Director Marlen Khutsiyev are considered thaw encyclopedia of life. The young people in his films enthusiastically read Remarque and Hemingway, critical of Stalin, dancing to the sounds of foreign music, and among the characters in the movie you can see young Tarkovsky and Konchalovsky. Endless musical party time heroes “July rain” in the cafe “lyre” blow money characters “Three days of Viktor Chernyshev”.
Design
Gossip girl. Glass sculpture 60 years.
For the era of the thaw characteristic minimalism waiver of frills in favor of functionality. Furniture and furnishings are light and compact. Streamlined shape appeared in the glass products: statues, vases and carafes are “fluid”. Design wall clock is freed from unnecessary details – a departure from the petty-bourgeois attitude to watches as the luxury and decoration. Be the first portable radios and inexpensive cameras “Change”. Among young people, the craze for photography.
project slides, movie cameras, cameras and watches 60 years
In fashion there is freedom and emancipation, clothing becomes a way to Express individuality. In Moscow, opened an Atelier, where fashionistas sew outfits custom – fitted dresses with a fluffy skirt in black-eyed peas, broad vertical stripes, juicy or pastel colors.
Abstract art has become one of the most popular destinations. If the first subjects of the compositions were the images of city and nature, the later clearly sound critical themes and allegories. Artists boldly experiment with mixed techniques.
Architects design a huge structure with walls of glass to permit the sun’s light, making people happier and more cheerful. Built on this principle facades of the Kremlin Palace of congresses, the Palace of pioneers in the Lenin hills, the shops on Lenin, Kalinin (Novy Arbat), the Komsomol prospectus.
the
“the Thaw” in the Tretyakov gallery
a Conversation with my father
“Auschwitz” by A. G hooks
Section “a Conversation with my father” is dedicated to the dialogue between two generations about the great Patriotic war.
Immediately after Stalin’s death and Khrushchev’s assertion at the head of the state has begun the process of rehabilitation of political prisoners was disbanded the Gulag, published the first works of prose camp: “One day of Ivan Denisovich” by Solzhenitsyn, the novel of George Shelest’s “the Nugget”. In “Lieutenant prose” the war is shown without the semi-official pathos and smoothing sharp points. In works of literature and painting have become common themes of tragedy and horror of war. People began to think about the true price of victory. Artist A. Vasnetsov depicted two widows, who look into the void, their faces almost wiped out.
monument to the dead from bombs
V. A Siddur created a series about the victims of war. His sculptures are symbolic objects, which brought death to people, as well as images of prisoners in the camps.
Best city in the world
“Wedding on tomorrow’s street”. And Pimenov
Period of thaw – time for a radical change in the appearance of the city was taken on “de-Stalinization” of architecture. There is a struggle with a decorative “excesses” in architecture is dominated by rationalism. In place of the Stalinist Empire, with its palaces came democratic style of simple geometric forms with huge Windows, symbolizing the “policy of openness”.
Running across the street
The city becomes an open space. In the courts held a feast and dancing in the squares and in parks poets read poetry. A new image of the city is reflected in the paintings. Yuri Pimenov portrayed scenes of urban life against the background of new buildings: “Running across the street”, “District of tomorrow”, “the South-West. Suburb”. Urbanism is becoming the new direction in painting.
International relations
In 60-e years of the USSR is actively establishing communication with the outside world, especially with the countries of the Eastern bloc. At the forefront of the confrontation with the United States. The two superpowers compete not only in the arms race, but in the propaganda. Moscow is positioning itself as a world capital, conducting international events: scientific conferences, meetings of the peace. Regularly hosts national festivals and exhibitions of art from Syria, Egypt, Vietnam, Cuba, New Zealand and other countries.
In 1957, with extraordinary succes VI world festival of youth and students, which became “Dove of peace” Picasso. In Moscow tens of thousands of guests from America, Africa, Asia and Europe – young people from different countries gathered under the slogans of peace and friendship. Freedom is intoxicating and circled the head, in 1958 in Moscow was marked by the birth of hundreds of babies of mixed races: mulattos and mestizos, they even came to be called “children of the festival”.
the Secrets of abstract art
a Cheerful carnival mihnova-Boiteko
Inspired by the works of Western artists, the Moscow artists set off in search of new forms. For example, Ely Belyutin used in the mops, nails and other items. He expressed his ideas through the juxtaposition of people and entourage: two lovers in the forest, which was seen Auschwitz. The painting “Requiem” – Lenin’s funeral, depicted in the close to expressionism “action painting”. The artist is called “Requiem” his “personal Communist utopia”.
Mikhnov-Voitenko created a series of large-format paintings by applying the paint straight from the tube, without the use of the brush. Colored spots create in one case, the dance at the carnival in the other – landscape.
Severe style
Happy workers building communism
This term suggested Alexander Kamensky. Severe style characteristic of socialist realist representation of the themes of the working class and the heroism of hard work: women and men are shown at work on construction sites, in polar expeditions. The cycle of paintings devoted to the development of virgin lands. Heroes tired from work, but happy people, the builders of the bright Communist future.
Atom-Space
the Launch of Sputnik-1 into space
The first flight of man into space and the splitting of the atom created a sense of endless possibilities of science. the world’s First nuclear power station, the first synchrotron – a powerful accelerator, nuclear icebreaker “Lenin” is far not the full list of achievements of the time. The spread of higher education, the development of scientific institutions, creation of closed science cities have given rise to heroes of the new time – young scientists. After the launch of the Soviet “Sputnik-1” space has captured the imagination and became one of the main themes in art, in the design of household objects and appliances. In painting appeared fantastic sketches of planets and unexplored space – artists created their own reality based on scientific facts and guesses.
the Layout of the first NPP in the world
the
Poetry in the theater “Sovremennik”
Evgeny Kuznetsov, the assistant to the art Director of theatre “Contemporary”
“Together with the Tretyakov gallery, we made the program “Area Mayakovsky“. It consists of five evenings devoted to specific poets β Joseph Brodsky, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Robert Rozhdestvensky, Andrei Voznesensky, Bella Akhmadulina. Fails with “Area Mayakovsky” in the evening “We are young”, which will be devoted to the poetry of the turn of the 1950-1960, it will be attended by almost all young troupe “Contemporary”.
The era of the thaw β a special time when the public conscience changed, open new opportunities, they needed a new form. This allowed the young actors, graduates of school-Studio of the Moscow art theatre to join theatre and to create it “is not from above but from below”. There were six of us: Oleg Yefremov, Galina Volchek, Oleg Tabakov, Oleg Kvasha, Evgeny Evstigneev and Lilia Tolmacheva, of which only two are alive today β Volchek and tobacco.
Galina Volchek, Igor Kvasha and Oleg Tabakov. 60 years
By the time of the creation of “Contemporary” art scene and the Stanislavsky system, where the main concern is the interaction of the actor with the audience, was distorted. Efremov with his supporters took on the mission to revive the Stanislavsky system as the only correct one for the Russian theater. April 15, 1956, in the school-Studio of the Moscow art theatre was the first performance of “live Forever”, which was a real shock for the Moscow public. After the performance, the audience persuaded young troupe disperse. This day is considered the birthday of the theater “Contemporary”.
Festival “Thaw” will last until mid-summer. Museum of fine arts Pushkin will present her exhibition “to the future. The art of Europe 1945-1968“, Gorky Park and Muzeon will host screenings, discussions and themed music nights together with the theater “Contemporary”.
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“It was important for me to understand that somewhere it is, in Novokuznetsk, and I can at any time to handle it. The man was not that stupid domestics busy to make money… These issues were resolved themselves while she was engaged to others – helping people,” says Elena Pogrebizhskaya.
the In the club Tower on March 1, showed and discussed the film “Dr. Lisa” directed by Elena Pogrebizhskaya. Discussion “burned”, and Pogrebizhskaya, refining and fending off, shifting from foot to foot and shivering corners of his lips, discussed with students the personality of Dr. Lisa and her business, which changed not one human life.
“Dr. Lisa”: how came the idea to make a movie
“It was terribly interesting LJ (LiveJournal – blog platform for blogging). She described the history of their patients,” recalls the Director.
“Dr. Lisa” is a film-the answer to the question, why would a man be treated dirty homeless person, to go to the sick at the station, inspire hope lying in a hospice or hold together with a deaf and blind girl six hours while it will not take you to the hospital. This man is a doctor, a specialist in palliative medicine. The person who needs to be there when hurt and scared. Elena Pogrebizhskaya sure that such a person was Elizaveta Glinka, known as Dr. Lisa.
About Dr. Lisa
Elizaveta Glinka – a human rights activist and public figure, the doctor-resuscitator, Executive Director of the of the Fund “Fair use”, member of the presidential Council for human rights and civil society. But before the filming of “Dr. Lisa” (which is 2009) Elizaveta Glinka, mainly engaged in the field of hospice service: visited the sick, distributed the new, supported, every Wednesday toured the stations. “It’s heartbreaking. There was a certain man, a doctor who worked on this and can say, completed for government work constantly,” said Elena Pogrebizhskaya during the discussion of the film.
Elizaveta Glinka died 25 December 2016 β it was the TU-154 plane, which was heading to Syria and crashed during departure from Sochi. Dr. Lisa is survived by three sons. Hleb, husband of Lisa, an international lawyer, an American citizen who built the first Kiev hospice, which was led by Dr. Lisa. Their children she has two: Alyosha and Kostya, they were born in the United States. The third son of Elijah she adopted after the death of a cancer patient women in Saratov.
The film “Dr. Lisa” in 2009 received the award TEFI.
Elena Pogrebizhskaya:
“I’m honestly amazed at how watching a movie years later. It looks as if we are specifically they did something, giving something metaphorical sense. Chair with of the ship, talking to Lisa about his own death… I look and think, she says she doesn’t know, and I know…”
“be Surprised that can even fly and bullets don’t have”
QUESTION FROM THE AUDIENCE:
to speak ill of such people, conscience does not allow, though… a controversial figure. She went to Syria to help with medicines, can, helped soldiers. But maybe she wouldn’t have to do this if it has not begun. I’m not talking about her medical practice, rather about the political: its cooperation with various parties ….
ELENA POGREBIZHSKAYA:
And this, of course, negatively characterizes a person, right? For me it was a revelation when I posted your film after the death of Lisa, get under him immediately one hundred reviews of the infernal mud. I like a man who had gone away from the last events in the life of Lisa (after filming and several charity concerts 5 years), might have missed some moments. But it turned out that it is impossible to smoothly address the issues of the military. Because of us not being bombed, we have no specific enemy. And the one who is friends with this enemy, the enemy is sure. Once dealt with this subject somewhere from Moscow, from afar, to wonder what the answer could go even bullets, is not necessary, although strange at first. I brought down the site twice suddenly. I certainly do not fight with anyone. But you cannot touch with impunity. People have hurts. People want revenge for their pain. Anyone, even dogs, who or what is really not to blame. What’s the difference – who else is going?
“Charisma does not replace”
QUESTION FROM THE AUDIENCE:
what do you think, will the Fund “Fair use” to exist without Elizabeth’s?
ELENA POGREBIZHSKAYA:
Know that some volunteers want to continue. But… I’m not interested. I am attracted to charisma. All, it is not. Petrovich, doctor who was always gone because he used to work with Lisa and no Lisa he didn’t need it. He is an oncologist and maybe an oncologist in any other place. Charisma is not replaced. The Germans were killed and no more second Nemtsov, for example.
“This is different from 99.99 percent of humanity”
QUESTION FROM THE AUDIENCE:
<>we have established the image of such prosvetova person. But it was not revealed the true reasons why she so calmly bandaged the homeless, couldn’t she…?
ELENA POGREBIZHSKAYA (interrupting):
So she’s a doctor! This is a normal desire for doctor: thermometers to put, pills to give – it’s their job, it is normal and natural. Pasha, which you have seen, produces such a false impression “simpleton”, although, in fact, very intelligent, successful businessman who has long sought chervotkina, but not found. Believe me, there are people not like you: solid and living by other values. Of course, no Holy it was. Its difference from other people was that its task is above life. She was motivated to help people, she was constantly engaged, no matter what danger regardless of public opinion, despite the suspicion on a bunch of crap, negative comments, and just doing that it was important to help people. This is different from 99.99 percent of humanity.
“My goal was to show that this movement against the wind”
QUESTION FROM THE AUDIENCE:
Managed to find the right Lisa?
ELENA POGREBIZHSKAYA:
And I don’t know. I don’t even know myself, and certainly not a hero. That is, if we knew people, people would not be divorced, right? If people knew the people, the beautiful people in ten years would not become a monster, right? My task was to show what was important at the time: the core of this process, strange help people that is not paid for, which nobody organized this whole movement against strong winds. Since Lisa is a very important figure in Russian history and now I wish it was some Russian Mother Teresa. But I don’t know Lisa. The Director can’t be friends with the characters. This violates the ethics of the profession.
“She was Smoking, you know, lonely.”
QUESTION FROM THE AUDIENCE:
And the tears you saw her?
ELENA POGREBIZHSKAYA:
No tears no. But she was so Smoking, you know, lonely… In the movie there is a moment where she’s sitting on the steps in the basement and smokes alone in a robe, a special form, in which they treat the homeless. Such a lonely view. Lone-lone. And since Kirill is a fine operator, he is immediately removed. For me this is a very accurate metaphor. It is such, such and remained. She made my lonely business and how people would want to join it, something interfered with them.
We are living in Russia, people are so arranged that believe how someone motivated by something just good, it is very difficult. Certainly you need to spend time to find where the second bottom. That’s why you can’t believe? There is an example from the book where it is written: this people was so high. Read and believe. And if he live around the corner, I believe it is simply impossible. Need to find that there’s wrong with him.
“I Have a feeling”
QUESTION FROM THE AUDIENCE:
And you believed?
ELENA POGREBIZHSKAYA:
Yes. I have flair. This is my main talent. I think the reptilian brain (laughs). True, true. My main brain is working so-so. Reptilian and works great. Instinct leads me to choose heroes. So, in fact, choosing a non-obvious theme for movies, I almost always gets to the point. And the result is a resonant movie. It’s not because I want to brag about. It’s true.
“It was a personal grief”
QUESTION FROM THE AUDIENCE:
How do you handle the news of her death?
ELENA POGREBIZHSKAYA:
When Lisa died, for me it was a personal grief. Fortunately, it has now become weaker. But I can say that my father’s death has made me a less impression than the death of Lisa, because my father had no relations, and with Lisa was. It was important for me to understand that somewhere it is, in Novokuznetsk, and I can at any time to handle it. And for me, it has always been and remains a moral reference point. The man was not that stupid domestics busy to make money… These questions were solved by themselves, while she did something else – helping people. For me it is a serious landmark. I also want to take an example, how to live ideas. A little bit visionary, but it’s good.
Who is Elena Pogrebizhskaya?
A few facts from the biography:
was Born in 1972 in Leningrad region
Journalist, singer, screenwriter and Director of documentary films
has Twice received the award “TEFI” and “Laurel” (2008) and “Stalker” (2013)
Has two higher educations: graduated from the faculty of Russian Philology, PhD and the Department of television journalism faculty of Moscow state University
From 1995 to 2001 he was political commentator of the program “Time”
was the lead singer in a rock band “Butch”, which released 4 albums, the latest album “Credo” was released in 2007
has Written two books: “diary of an artist” (2005) and “Confessions of four” (2007), in which it together with Mikhail Soloviev for the film “still I rise”
In 2011, the host of “Here and now” on the TV channel “Rain”
Removed documentary films “Seller blood”, “Dr. Lisa”, “Mom, I’ll kill you”, “Panic attacks”, “Vaska”, “Thin and thick”, etc.
In an interview with the Hit.Media, like other media, Elena Pogrebizhskaya said that she had no desire to return to television and music.
“the Desire to return to the TV I have, because it’s work for hire, in a large hierarchy. And I’m an independent Director, and that means the entire hierarchy – it’s me. In music there is because it is too small a channel of expression where it is impossible to Express intellect, and for me it’s important.”
Now Elena Pogrebizhskaya raises money for new film “mourning the loss”, in which the heroes of the film will talk about how to overcome their grief. Recall that your movies Elena Pogrebizhskaya finds funds, conducting a crowdfunding campaign.
A group of scientists from the UK headed by Matthew Dodd found in Canada the traces of ancient bacteria, whose age, according to experts, is at least 3.7 billion years. The study was conducted in the mountains Nuvvuagittuq near Quebec and, according to Dodd, provides convincing evidence that life appeared on Earth much earlier than is commonly believed now.
What exactly is found out?
Traditionally it is believed that the first life forms were born from the underwater heat sources, where they received necessary for their existence minerals and heat. During research Matthew Dodd and his colleagues studied sedimentary rocks that formed due to these sources, for the presence of traces of microorganisms. As the result microscopic “tubes” were discovered with chemical composition and structure which correspond to previously discovered ancient forms of life.
“Tube” under the microscope
Dodd also claims that “tube” is in microscopic cavities, presumably formed due to decomposition of bacteria after their death, which is another proof of the organic origin of the findings. Researchers found out that these organisms existed more than 3.7 billion years ago, making it the oldest life forms on Earth.
Why is that interesting?
At the moment, scientists still do not have accurate data about when life originated on Earth. The first living organisms existed during the Archean era, and their birth allegedly happened 3.4 billion years ago. However, not all scientists agree with the official theory. So, mark Harrison, in his study claims that life on Earth appeared over 4 billion years ago. This conclusion was based on the study of zircons, which contained traces of activity of ancient microorganisms.
The study of Dodd and his colleagues supports the Harrison’s theory β the findings suggest that the age discovered “tubes” can reach of 4.28 billion years. Thus, microorganisms from Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone belt occurred almost at the same time with these mountains in just 200 million years after the formation of the Earth. This discovery turns the idea of scientists about life on our planet, and opens new opportunities to explore our cosmic home.
However, Matthew Dodd sees the prospects of their research asΒ much more extensive. The scientist says that the data allows to assume possibility of existence of life on Mars. During the formation of the Solar system the red planet differed from Earth, had its oceans and, possibly, its forms of life. Later Mars became what we know it now, but traces of microorganisms on it still could be saved. Dodd believes that they can be found in rocks that formed about 4 billion years ago.
Review from HIT-Media expert
Belov, Andrey Valerevich, Professor of biology, senior coordinator HSE Lyceum
Similar findings were made repeatedly. In hydrothermal sources found bacteria that in the enormous temperatures and lack of oxygen got energy from sulfur compounds. However, there was no way to prove that they arose in the early stages of development of the planet. Now the arguments sound quite convincing and give the right to believe that life on other planets in the Solar system can exist beyond the atmosphere, similar to Earth, and look how these sulfur bacteria, which can significantly facilitate the search.
