The American laboratory of Cold Spring Harbor has recalled all the honorary titles of DNA discoverer of Nobel Prize winner James Watson. In early January, the non-profit organization PBS released a documentary film in which the researcher spoke about the intellectual inferiority of blacks. He stated that science lacks a theory that proves the genetic difference in the IQ index of whites and blacks.
Because of the lack of political correctness, the scientist was deprived of the title of honorary trustee, honored professor named after Oliver Grace and honored leader. Employees of the CSHL noted the reprehensibility of what was said to scientists and the inconsistency of these words with scientific data. They also stressed the incompatibility of the statements of the former chairman with the values ββof the laboratory.
James Watson served as director and president of the CSHL for 35 years
Recall that it was racist remarks that led to the removal of James Watson from a laboratory leadership position. In 2007, James Watson, in an interview with the Sunday Times, condemned social policy towards Africa, noting the intellectual inequality of blacks and whites.
With such statements, the biologist has repeatedly undermined his authority in the scientific community. Thus, in an interview with The Sunday Telegraph, the researcher spoke about the homosexual orientation. He said that it would be fair to give a choice to a pregnant woman: to give birth to a homosexual child or not. However, scientists have not yet found the gene responsible for sexual orientation, and it is impossible to determine. In another interview, Watson made it clear that he would not have recruited an obese person.
The scandals associated with the convictions of a scientist, largely spoiled his reputation in the scientific field. In 2014, the biologist declared that the scientific community does not want to recognize its existence. Therefore, Watson decided to put the Nobel Medal up for auction. The money went to charity. For the first time in history, an honorary award was sold during the life of a laureth. The medal was bought by businessman Alisher Usmanov, and in 2015, a lecture by James Watson was held at the Russian Academy of Sciences, at which he was returned the award.
RAS President Vladimir Fortov returns the medal to James Watson on behalf of Alisher Usmanov
New year means new plans and new aims. People canβt wait to share them with others! For example, to tell that you are going to learn a second language, lose weight, learn to draw and so on. But after a while motivation to do it disappears somewhere and created to-do list gathering dust on the shelf. We will tell you why it happens and how to set targets.
Mental traps
Reward addiction = dopamine addiction
It may seem, what’s wrong with sharing your plans for the future? You have told, you have dreamed and… sit on your plans. It seems to be so anxious to implement the conceived as quickly as itβs possible, but soon your aspiration disappeared. That is happening because a person, who talks to someone about his or her plans, falls into a trap without noticing it. The brain does not see the difference between reality and imagination. In one of the researches published in APS, scientists have concluded that when a person wants to deliver on target, consciousness tries to help: it is looking for ways to achieve the goal, calculates all the tracks and chooses the best.
Dopamine – a stimulant of the brain
However, if people tell others about their plans, the brain takes desirable Β for real. In psychology, this is called social reality, the effect of having consciousness trapped in a completed action, feeling that everything is already done.
Β«SmartΒ» formula
Instead of rattling about your plans it is better to articulate the goal for yourself. A clear statement of purpose is the first step towards achieving it, so it is important to pay special attention to the correct formulation. To do this, there is a universal formula SMART, which will help to set the goal properly.
Decoding the SMART formula
SMART is an abbreviation, each letter of which indicates what the purpose should be. SMART stands for the following:
S β specific. The goal should be specific, for this you need to define clearly the outcome, what should happen after it is achieved;
M β measurable. The formulation should contain clear quantitative or qualitative indicators that the goal has been achieved;
A β achievable. When setting a goal, it is important to understand whether you have a chance to achieve it;
R β relevant. Moving to the goal will be easier if you understand for what you need it;
T β time based. The time frame is necessary to ensure that the goal set for a year will not be postponed to the next one.
Incorrectly
Correctly
To lose weight
By June, lose 7 kg (from 67 kg to 60 kg) to go to the sea
At one time it was believed that during yawning, a person provides the body with a large amount of oxygen and emits stagnant carbon dioxide in the lungs when the brain needs additional “recharging”.Β However, this version has long been recognized by scientists as implausible: even when breathing with pure oxygen, the desire to yawn does not disappear.
the mechanism of cooling the brain
American psychologists from the State University of New York in Albany believe that yawning acts like a fan in the computer: it cools our brain, and therefore improves its functioning. To test this version, in 2011, experts conducted a study that showed that in the cold season, people yawn less than in the warm, and the audience watching an uninteresting film with a cold compress on the forehead, yawn much less than those who miss without an ice bandage. In addition, sleep interruption causes a slight increase in brain temperature. That is why we need to make a tasty yawn immediately after awakening.
we yawn more often when we see a loved one
Italian scientists say that yawning is nothing but a sign of sympathy. They observed the inhabitants of Madagascar and Italy during one year and found out when and under what circumstances they yawned in response to yawns. As it turned out, it happened more often in the presence of a closed one or a relative, a little less often with colleagues. It was more difficult for strangers to force the interlocutor to yawn.
While using instruments intended to detection of earthquakes, Oxford scientists Bet Mortimer and Tarje Nissen-Meyer discovered that various kinds of elephants activities – walking, running, sniffing, grunting – Ρreate different seismic signals in the ground. According to the research published in Current biology magazine, in several cases these vibrations are distributing through the ground much longer than through the air enabling animals to feel each other even over long distances.
Study’s author Dr.Mortimer
Earlier studies demonstrated that elephants capture ground fluctuations by their body. For instance, elephants were noticed running away to the uplands in the moments preceding tsunami emergence. The elephant feeling a threat began to stomp in order to avert others. The study expands the understanding of how animals can communicate. Beside, it provides new possibilities for researchers and ecologists who would like to observe animals remotely. This method can be fruitful for the save the species. Β«This information can be used as a strategy of remote monitoringΒ», – Dr.Mortimer said.
An African battalion struggling with poachers
Despite the international affords to prohibit trade of elephant bones tens of thousands of african elephants are proceeding to die because of their tusks every year.
In order to hold the study scientists established devices known as geophones near the place of living of Kenia wild elephants. Like seismographs geophones convert soil fluctuations into measurable electronic signals, yet they are better to use in field work. With the help of these instruments researchers will presumably be able to pursue and defend animals.
Elephants are able to recognize hooves and fluctuations of the herd over several kilometres distance
Due to the fact that elephants live in complicated and spatially divided communities, animals use long-range communication in order to survive. The ground vibrations can be used for warning each other of danger and for partners seeking during very short period of mating. Supposing that elephants not only bring on distinct vibrations in various activities but also are able to perceive these signals from huge distances, scientists are intending to learn how to use these signals.
Vibrations created by elephants can be found and recognized on almost four miles in optimal conditions. However, any noise impact, even automobile noise, sharply decreases the ability to find and recognize these vibrations.
Environmentalists are sounding the alarm: China is funding dozens of coal projects far beyond its borders. Coal is considered the most environmentally hazardous of fossil fuels, including because of the amount of carbon dioxide that it emits during combustion (about one and a half times more than natural gas). According to the latest research of the World Meteorological Organization in 2017, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reached its highest level in the last 5 million years. Last month, the UN climate expert group said that the use of coal in production should be stopped by 2050. This solution should bound the global temperature rise to a limit of 1.5 degrees.Β Β
Coal power station in China
China-supported coal projects are being implemented in South America, Africa, Southeast Asia and the Balkans. The contracts concluded between the participants of such projects are often not completely transparent, but groups of environmental companies, including the non-governmental organization Bankwatch, try to monitor the situation. Energy Group Coordinator Ioana Chiuta says that efforts to combat the dirty air of Chinese cities have led many energy companies to limit their investments in coal-fired power plants in China and instead have targeted their technology and capital to foreign markets.Β
Coal smoke must be cleaned, but this is not always done
Thermal power stationΒ Kostolac
In Serbia, one of the country’s main coal-fired power stations is being expanded with a loan from a Chinese bank. Works have been carried out since 2017 under the leadership of a large construction company in China. An hour east of the capital city of Belgrade, in the coal-rich valley of the Danube, construction takes place on a site known as Kostolac B3. The power plant is managed by the national Serbian electric power company EPS, which provides about 70% of the country’s electricity by burning coal, while the rest is electricity produced by hydroelectric power stations. It is expected that Chinese investment in the project will amount to 613 million US dollars. The installation of the new power unit will bring Serbia 350 MW of additional capacity. The project must be implemented in accordance with environmental standards.Β
Smog in Beijing
However, the Serbian Center for Environment and Sustainable Development (Cekor) questions the projectβs compliance with all environmental standards. After a series of relevant inspections of the project, Cekor found it impossible to ensure that EU standards for environmental pollution are in force.
The spacecraft Cassini, designed to explore Saturn and its moons, has entered the last phase of its journey β the Grand Finale. The probe will “dive” into the previously unexplored space between the planet and its rings, allowing scientists to obtain unique data, and then will be burned in the upper atmosphere of Saturn. So ends his journey, which lasted almost 20 years.
We did it! Cassini is in contact with Earth and sending back data after a successful dive through the gap between Saturn and its rings. pic.twitter.com/cej1yO7T6a
The robot spacecraft Cassini was developed in a joint project of NASA, the European space agency and the Italian space agency in 1997. ItΒ was given a unique task β to reach Saturn, the sixth planet of the Solar system, and explore the planet itself, its moons and famous rings. The unit is equipped with all the necessary equipment from the sensors of cosmic dust to the radio antennas.
Here you can get acquainted with Cassini for a closer look.
Huygens in the cut
An important part of the spacecraft was the Huygens module, which was supposed to land on the surface of Titan β one of Saturn’s moons, in order to examine the detailed.
Thus, the mission Cassini-Huygens was to become one of the most important achievements of mankind in space exploration. Automatic spacecraft would reach Saturn, becoming its first artificial satellite, and a lander module for the first time would land on the surface of Titan.
The Story of Cassini.Β Take-off
Cassini went in flight on 15 October 1997 from Cape Canaveral in Florida. To start it took a special booster “Titan-4B” with an additional upper stage “Centaurus”. Saturn, as you know, is at a great distance from the Earth β that is what forced scientists to resort to such measures. However, not even this was enough: Cassini went not to the point of its destination but… Venus.
The maneuver, which can cause confusion for an untrained person, however, was part of a well-planned operation. Cassini hadΒ to overcome the distance to Saturn with minimal expenditure of energy in order to successfully complete the task. For this, the researchers used the gravitational fields of the three planets: Venus, Earth and Jupiter.
the Presumed trajectory of Cassini
26 April 1998 Cassini skirted Venus, having received the required acceleration, then corrected its course and again passed the “evening star”. After that, the spacecraft flew between the Earth and the Moon and went to the purpose of his journey. About the middle of the road Cassini flybiedΒ Jupiter and July 1, 2004, after 7 years of flying, entered the orbit of Saturn.
The Story of Cassini. The study of Saturn
“Eyes of Saturn”
However, a space odyssey of Cassini-Huygens has not ended β here began the most interesting part β the study of Saturn and its moons. The spacecraft spent in orbit of the planet nearly 13 years and took lots of pictures of the object of study and its satellites. The Cassini’s camera allowed scientists to see Saturn from a very close distance, visually examine its atmosphere and eddies in it.
the Surface of Rhea
Cassini also made the most important pictures of Saturn’s moons, through which scientists have learned, for example, the existence of liquids on Titan. Being an artificial satellite of the planet, the spacecraft could not move away from itΒ at a considerable distance, but even this did not prevent him to capture some stunning photos of Titan, Enceladus, Tethys, Mimas and other moons of “the planet with rings”.
Clouds on Titan
Module Huygens, in turn, was preoccupied with more problems β he managed to land on the surface of Titan and take samples from soil and atmosphere of Saturn’s moon. Because of this, scientists have learned that the surface of this moon has lakes, and also recorded several chemical anomalies, which may indicate the presence of life on Titan.
To learn more about the most important results of the Cassini-Huygens mission seeΒ this timeline:
The Story of Cassini. Grand Finale
April 26, 2017, Cassini launched the final phase of it’sΒ journey, which isΒ called the Grand Finale. The spacecraft first entered the space between Saturn and its rings, allowing scientists to obtain photographs of the planet taken as close to.
22 rendezvous with Saturn are planned, andΒ Cassini will not only take pictures of the planet, but alsoΒ will gather important scientific data. The spacecraft must map the gravitational and magnetic fields of Saturn, analyze the composition of its rings and atmosphere.
Cassini will end it’s mission September 15, 2017, when the unit will go into the upper atmosphere of Saturn to study its composition. It will transmit to the Earth the most important data to the moment until it is destroyed. This method to complete the work Cassini was not chosen by chance β the device has been in space for 13 years already and has almost exhausted it’sΒ resources. Leaving it in orbit of Saturn is dangerous becauseΒ the probe can fall into one of the satellites of the planet and stop their study in the future. So NASA believe that burning Cassini in the atmosphere will be the best solution:
– Always sad to see the end of the mission, but the last flight, Cassini will be the greatest end of the most rich scientific space project. Now Cassini has virtually exhausted the reserves of fuel used to adjust course. If you leave things as they are, operators will no longer be able to control it. The burning of CassiniΒ in the atmosphere ensures that it will not affectΒ further research
Comments of participants of the Β Cassini-huygens project
British Professor Carl Murray participated in the project for 27 years. In theΒ interview he told the BBC why the Cassini mission is the most interesting expedition ever conducted:
– It was an amazingly successful mission. For 13 years we have been studying the planet from its orbit. It turned out that Saturn and its satellites there are times of the year, and rings to alter their structure over time. One of the most amazing discoveries made by Cassini is an ocean of liquid water under ice on one of Saturn’s moons, Enceladus. Through cracks in the ice cover of the ejected substance, and it contains molecular hydrogen, which on Earth is associated with water vapor and ocean depths and in General with life. People are always trying to figure out whether there was water on Mars and where it went. But now, I think the search will be concentrated on the periphery of the Solar system
Andrew Coates, British Professor of physics and Deputy Director of Muranowski laboratory for space research, worked on the project Cassini-Huygens for the past 28 years. Despite the success of the study, the scientist isΒ sure that in the future mankind could expect more amazing discoveries:
– Now I am involved in the continuous search for life on Mars with the ExoMars Rover 2020 and the icy moons of Jupiter mission JUICE. In addition, in the mid-2020s, NASA plans to launch a mission of the Europa Clipper. It all sounds very tempting!
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Specialists from the division DeepMind in London have created a deep training machine that is able to “learn” information in the shortest possible time. Compared with the machines of the previous generation, it works 10 times faster. Now, to master the classic video games, the mechanism requires not 200 hours of play, but 20, while a person needs only 2 hours.
The main idea of the DeepMind approach is to “teach” the machine to “think” quickly, like people and animals. As you know, a person can solve the situation in two different ways. First, if the situation is known, then our brain has already formed its model, which it uses to determine how to behave better. In this case, a part of the brain called the prefrontal cortex is used. If the situation is not familiar, then the brain relies on another strategy, which involves a simpler approach to verifying and remembering information. In this case, the hippocampus is used, which consolidates the memory.
For deep training machines use layers of neural networks to find patterns in the data. When one layer “sees” the template, it sends a signal as information to the next layer, which looks for patterns in this signal. Therefore, when recognizing faces, the first layer can search for the edges of the image, the second layer of circular images, the third – triangular patterns and so on. The final stage of the work of all layers is that the face was seen and recognized.
There are many feedback systems that allow the system to “learn” by regulating internal parameters, such as the strength of bonds between layers. The parameters should change slowly, since cardinal changes in one layer can negatively affect the overall process of “learning”. That’s why deep neural networks need such a long workout.
On Friday, March 3, appeared in the media reports of a new universal remedy for cancer. It was introduced by the doctor of medical Sciences Andrey Simbirtsev told about the invention of drugs, their properties and future production.
A new drug called “heat shock proteins”, according to the Professor, is able to cure patients of all types of cancer.
“We are on the verge of discovering completely new treatments for cancer. It will help people with incurable tumors.”
Institute of highly pure drugs of Federal medical-biological Agency (FMBA) have long been conducting research using space technology.
Andrey Simbirtsev, M. D., corresponding member of RAS, Deputy Director of the Institute of extra pure medications
We Packed ultra-pure protein in capillary tubes and sent them to the ISS, says Simbirtsev. – The fact that for x-ray analysis of the action of the protein must be formed from it of ultra-pure crystal. However, in terms of earth’s gravity it is impossible to obtain.
Scientists have obtained the required degree of purity of the drug, and after confirmed its harmless, should begin testing for clinical level.
the Principle of operation of the new drug
The therapeutic effect is based on the introduction into the organism of a protein. This substance is synthesized by all cells under conditions of stress (e.g. heat shock) and performs a protective function, including secreting tumor antigens, enhancing the body’s immune response. However in the body this protein is not enough to defeat the disease. Therefore, scientists have developed a technology of its synthesis, and protein-based drug created the drug. It is argued that it operates on any cells, so it applies to treat all types of cancer.
The drug is tested on small animals: mice and rats. In most cases, a medicine used to heal even the last stage of such common neoplastic diseases, such as sarcoma and melanoma. It was concluded that the drug “has the necessary biological activity for the treatment of cancer.”
When the cure for cancer will be available?
The Institute has a grant for the first phase of research from the Ministry of education and science. Whether to continue development into clinical phase depends on funding.
Clinical studies are very expensive, about 100 million rubles. Usually there is a private investor who invests, and the state returns 50% in case of successful completion, says Professor Simbirtsev. While the private investor is not found, there is hope to find it in Russia or in Japan, and the developer is counting on the support of the Ministry of health or Ministry of industry.
According to the Professor, if the issue of funding is resolved, it will take another 3-4 years to complete the research before the drug gets to patients. On the expected cost of drugs are still unclear.
Expert’s opinion
Ella Tyuryumina, research Intern of the HSE, engaged in research on “Predictive models in Oncology and their software support”:
“the Study doesn’t differ from the previous domestic. Pathetic presentation of the questionable results obtained on mice with artificially grown tumors. Unfortunately, such projects do not work in the clinic. With regard to the basic concept of the new method, it is “well forgotten old”. This approach has been known for a very long time ago.”
The expert has noticed that in the published data there is no reference to the registered randomized study (clinical trial, in which patients are allocated to treatment groups is random), and this “suggests that there was performed statistical analysis not given study design, were not selected patients on special teams.”
Larisa Fechina, oncologist, confidant of the President of the Russian Federation
Larissa Fechina, oncologist interview for NSN also questioned the creation of “some kind of universal magic pill”. The doctor is confident that the drug that can cure patients in the last stages of the disease, will be invented, but “the treatment is not addressed to all patients, and a certain group with a certain kind of cancer or multiple types of close nature. Victory over cancer will be possible in the era of personalized treatment,” said the doctor.
Oleksiy Muravyov, lecturer of the HSE:
“While it is proved that the drug reacts with sarcoma and melanoma, but malignant tumors quite a lot, and they are not limited to these two. Therefore, all of these broadcast statements should be treated very carefully. And the technology well known, nothing new there”.
What’s in other countries?
The author of “heat shock protein” was told that a similar development is underway by scientists in the US and Japan, but so far their results have not been published.
A group of scientists from the UK headed by Matthew Dodd found in Canada the traces of ancient bacteria, whose age, according to experts, is at least 3.7 billion years. The study was conducted in the mountains Nuvvuagittuq near Quebec and, according to Dodd, provides convincing evidence that life appeared on Earth much earlier than is commonly believed now.
What exactly is found out?
Traditionally it is believed that the first life forms were born from the underwater heat sources, where they received necessary for their existence minerals and heat. During research Matthew Dodd and his colleagues studied sedimentary rocks that formed due to these sources, for the presence of traces of microorganisms. As the result microscopic “tubes” were discovered with chemical composition and structure which correspond to previously discovered ancient forms of life.
“Tube” under the microscope
Dodd also claims that “tube” is in microscopic cavities, presumably formed due to decomposition of bacteria after their death, which is another proof of the organic origin of the findings. Researchers found out that these organisms existed more than 3.7 billion years ago, making it the oldest life forms on Earth.
Why is that interesting?
At the moment, scientists still do not have accurate data about when life originated on Earth. The first living organisms existed during the Archean era, and their birth allegedly happened 3.4 billion years ago. However, not all scientists agree with the official theory. So, mark Harrison, in his study claims that life on Earth appeared over 4 billion years ago. This conclusion was based on the study of zircons, which contained traces of activity of ancient microorganisms.
The study of Dodd and his colleagues supports the Harrison’s theory β the findings suggest that the age discovered “tubes” can reach of 4.28 billion years. Thus, microorganisms from Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone belt occurred almost at the same time with these mountains in just 200 million years after the formation of the Earth. This discovery turns the idea of scientists about life on our planet, and opens new opportunities to explore our cosmic home.
However, Matthew Dodd sees the prospects of their research asΒ much more extensive. The scientist says that the data allows to assume possibility of existence of life on Mars. During the formation of the Solar system the red planet differed from Earth, had its oceans and, possibly, its forms of life. Later Mars became what we know it now, but traces of microorganisms on it still could be saved. Dodd believes that they can be found in rocks that formed about 4 billion years ago.
Review from HIT-Media expert
Belov, Andrey Valerevich, Professor of biology, senior coordinator HSE Lyceum
Similar findings were made repeatedly. In hydrothermal sources found bacteria that in the enormous temperatures and lack of oxygen got energy from sulfur compounds. However, there was no way to prove that they arose in the early stages of development of the planet. Now the arguments sound quite convincing and give the right to believe that life on other planets in the Solar system can exist beyond the atmosphere, similar to Earth, and look how these sulfur bacteria, which can significantly facilitate the search.
A team of scientists led by Professor George Church of Harvard University said that in 2 years will be able to “mamelon” (mammophant) is a hybrid of a mammoth and an elephant. A great achievement of the team was that they were able in 2015 to increase the number of genes of a mammoth that is injected into the egg of an elephant from 15 to 45 writes The Guardian. This means that in the genome of the elephant adds more genes of a mammoth, which are responsible for certain characteristics of the extinct animal that will eventually lead to a full-fledged hybrid of the two, as scientists hope.
“Our goal is to create a hybrid embryo of a mammoth and an elephant. This can happen in a couple of years,” quoted George Church Independent.
From mammoth, the resulting animal will be a shaggy coat, small ears, thick layer of fat and blood, adapted to low temperatures β according to The Guardian.
At the conference, Professor Church said that this project has two goals: to provide an alternative future for the endangered Asian elephants and help in the fight against global warming. In his opinion, woolly mammoths could help prevent the thawing of the tundra due to the greenhouse effect, and thus play an important role in stabilizing ecosystems.
“in the Summer, they felled trees, contributing to the growth of grass,” β quoted by George Church The Guardian.
How is it possible to reconstruct the mammoth?
In 2012, the methodology was developed Crispr/Cas9, which allows you to more precisely edit the genome and splicing of the DNA molecule.
“We hope to do all the treatments outside a living body. It would be unwise to jeopardize an endangered species”, reports the words of the Church The Guardian.
Previously, researchers have proposed to implant a hybrid embryo into the uterus of an elephant, but refused for ethical reasons: the animal during the experiment could die. For example, according to the The Guardian, Matthew Cobb is Professor of Zoology at the University of Manchester believes that the proposed revival of a mammoth raises ethical global problem: the mammoth is not just a set of genes, is a social animal, the Asian elephant. What happens when you have this hybrid? As it will perceive the environment?
the Theme of the revival of the mammoths: history of the issue
In 2005 a group of scientists from Japan was going to impregnate a female elephant with the sperm of a mammoth preserved in the permafrost, and then to be crossing the resulting offspring. Experts suggest that such a process will lead to the appearance of an animal similar to the mammoth, only after 50 years. Even then, skeptics have treated the project with suspicion. They consider it virtually impossible to detect tissue where the DNA molecule is not destroyed or fragmentary β Lenta.Ru
In 2008 a group of Russian geneticists, led by Evgeny Rogaleva were able to decipher the DNA sequence of mitochondria from the wool of mammoth, which caused another surge of discussion on the topic. However, for cloning one mammoth mitochondrial DNA is not enough β said Expert.Ru
In 2011, Japanese scientist Akira Iritani said that around 2015, the light can emerge a real mammoth. This project was criticized by a Professor of the Institute of gene biology, Anatoly Altstein:
“I have absolutely no idea how lain 25 thousand years in the permafrost, the cell may remain viable. After all, the kernel must be good that is called “alive,” quoted a scientist Moskovsky Komsomolets.
the Russian scientists do not believe in cloning a mammoth
Alexei Tikhonov, the Deputy Director of the Zoological Institute of the RAS, commented on the draft of the Church as follows:
“This is complete nonsense, of course, a scientific PR. It is strange that such a respected University like Harvard, is engaged in such things”, quotes Life.
According to Tikhonov, cloning is impossible, because it requires a living cell of the mammoth, which no one has.
Michael Gelfand is Professor, doctor of biological Sciences, believes that “editing” the elephant to mammoth will take a very long time:
“…the Cloned mammoth in this sense, never will be. You can do the reverse engineering. Take the elephant and slowly his edit back to mammoth. Now count the generation of the elephants, and the number of differences. It turns out that it would take several hundred thousand years,” writes Professor portal The Question.
Senior researcher of the laboratory of mammalian Paleontological Institute of RAS, doctor of biological Sciences Yevgeny Mashchenko has also included the cloning of the mammoth is impossible:
“At the present level of development of science and technology it is impossible to obtain cells for cloning from animals that died more than twenty years ago. I’m not saying that it is impossible in principle β it can’t be done right now,” – the words of Yevgeny Mashchenko Expert.ru
“the Study doesn’t differ from the previous domestic. Pathetic presentation of the questionable results obtained on mice with artificially grown tumors. Unfortunately, such projects do not work in the clinic. With regard to the basic concept of the new method, it is “well forgotten old”. This approach has been known for a very long time ago.”
“While it is proved that the drug reacts with sarcoma and melanoma, but malignant tumors quite a lot, and they are not limited to these two. Therefore, all of these broadcast statements should be treated very carefully. And the technology well known, nothing new there”.
